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| Food irradiation at any dose has been assessed by IAEA, FAO and WHO as safe VESP[~~0VE|Q~~NSNLukSu~~[TyBRϑYtv\ߘTۏLNċ0O :N[wQ g[hQ'` Macronutrients and essential minerals are not affected by food irradiationߘT\Yt Nq_TvQ-NX[(Wv8^ϑ%{QCQ }T_wir( Certain vitamins e.g. thiamine and tocopherols are sensitive, but the loss is small (10 - 20 % or less) and comparable to thermal processing or drying gN~u } Y~u }B1T~u }E [\Oea0FO/f NRpTr^qlvk vQ_c1Yϑ_\ 10~20 % bf\ "H2@2bLbb1bJb b bb cccccbccN7J ",UV  radiation 20+}Y\&``R Produced by mercury lamps Limited penetration Useful for destroying microorganism in air, surfaces and in thin liquid films Most effective against vegetative bacteria >yeast > bacterial spores > mould spores 4lopNuv+}Y~wQ gN[vzR S gHe@g{kzzl-N0irThbTmSO Nv_uir0 +}Y\[;mSO~~v\O(uHegY N ~̃>uk>~̃b[> ̃b[P[H2@2H2bbcccc)cj@2o  #mkBR d Example of application mkv[a Water 4l Fruits and vegetables 4lgT,܃ Surfaces and equipment ir(hbTY 6 Rddd` ` `` `` ` ` ~    Example of disinfectant agent mkBR chlorine /l hypochlorite !k/lxv dioxide N'lS/l iodine xR chloramines /l ozone 'l H^((q0K'0A#0KJ!d"d1ed,` ` ``"`` ` $`$((`(,`,0`04`48`8<`< `!=,!( % Efficacy of different disinfectants on pathogens is measured by the C . t value required to achieve 99 % reduction or inactivation of microorganisms )R(uC . t+I $Efficacity depends on purity : mkHesSQN~^ Median JSmJm^  < 1 NTU Maximum in single simple: 5 NTU (W~7hT-Nvg'YJm^ 5 NTU d`` d` ` F` ````p *JFChlorination of water (3) 3 4lvmk 4$` bb The normal conditions for chlorination : /lSYtvhQagN 1 free resid. Chlorine e" 0.5 mg / l kYuv8ny/ll+Tϑ 2 contact time minimum 30 minutes gNOce:N30R 3 pH < 8 4 water turbidity < 1 NTU 4lvQmJm^  )ff f+bb  b  b #bb cNbb b )#% KBChlorination of water (4) 4 4lvmk2"` b`To eliminate parasites and decrease turbidity, chlorination is combined with : :NNmmp[uk Q\QmJm^ S\/lSYt N Nel~TO(u<oNd` dO L  Depending on type of fruits and vegetables some decrease may be obtained Not fully effective 9hnc4lgT,܃v{|W gN[vmk\O (u FOv^ N0RWnvHeg ^Z_Z)ZZe`$a`@_)3p@High pressure technology mQ0ؚSb/g$!`` M Hydrostatic pressure 1000 Mpa AmSOYS Destruction of bacteria and fungi (90 % by 400 MPa for 5 min) (W400 Mpa NYt5R@g{k90v~̃Tw̃ Resistance depends on pH and T bbRSQpH TT Acts uniformly and instantaneously \O(uRGWS0we Spores are resistant and tolerate pressure up to 1200 Mpa b[YbbT_SvSRؚ1200 Mpa+@ZO(@ ZO($ ZO( ZO( ZO(&`ZO(`ZO(> ZO( ZO(%bbBbbc+b c&bb>bc %@ &>hgNf` LipQl4'`̃kipQl3'`̃[SRfOea hr̃ktr̃[SRf:NOea ^ngv~ހkcpegv~ހfwQ gbS'` N T̃yT TÑyv N T̃*h[SROea'`/f N Tv0PYa;aaa` X igNf` XߘTSO|-Nv~ހkQnm-Nv~ހwQ gf:_vbS'`0 (WNOPH0ؚ4lR;m^T gb̃BRX[(WvagN NRS XR~̃v4xOW0 l @wSR0RS)n^TevXR ~̃;m'`'N1YϑXR vQ-NRSeq_Tg\0 l RSTX[;mv~ހS/fN{k_c$O TfS N)RsXq_TNOPH0b̃BR0QRS0)nTRpI{ 0 ZZaaaaaaa a%aaa aaaaa`       &      a"AmSOYRSR]b/g(WߘT-N\o(W^(ua 10b̃yr'` 1 ]lmkl(WNOSVQ @g{kT_c$O~̃~ހ ukTlṼSO ukT ̃ T[ukTSuRir NS[~̃b[P[S0 2 FUNmk(WؚSagN N 4xOW~̃b[P[0 \ aa aa,aa aaa`B  ;   b"AmSOYRSR]b/g(WߘT-N\o(W^(ua 20cؚ(ϑ 1 cؚgAl0gqTgQvSa0 2 9eU4lgNTTˆĞvrl0 3 OZS0 4 OۏvYjbq0 5 OۏߘTbRvS^0 FMa8a aa\       c"AmSOYRSR]b/g(WߘT-N\o(W^(ua 30ˆ}v(9e'` 1 Oۏ[+Tˆ}v(ߘTvQ0~g9eSTwSf0 2 Ov0ǏOeSTk }1Y;m0 3 O@m-Nv@~ˆ}vSr0 4 XRˆ}v([v;mvOea'`0 FSa=a aa\        d"AmSOYRSR]b/g(WߘT-N\o(W^(ua 40vS 1 ŏGWS0W㉻QߘT0 2 (W-20! N.X[㉻QߘT0 3 1uNm|QOyP[T7|oS 4 1uN(qpGSؚ,T]KQR. 7aa aaaa aaaa aaaa`\       # e"AmSOYRSR]b/g(WߘT-N\o(W^(ua L50ln'`TdBg 1 CO2vqT4lnm0 2 dSߘT-Nvzzl0 z aaiaa a`(    f"AmSOYRSR]b/g(WߘT-N\o(W^(ua 60vQNTebv^(u 1 XR~ހbR OYv0n(T4lI{vbQir 2 OߘTbRbQ~0 3 ߘThb(uSߘ(u TlVS0 4 (W.T8T{|ߘTe Sb_X0 F aaaa aaaaa`(   K gyrpa B N4xOWߘT-Nv\RP[ir( OY~u }0wir(0ΘsTir(TYr }$"!a`" b.Vacuum packaging N0wzzSň$``(  Vacuum packaging wzzSň Applied for fresh meat in combination with refrigeration ~TQυel(uNOυrZZkZbbHbc b`;    c:Antimicrobial agents kQ0b̃BR$``Curing salts e.g nitrites ߘTR](uv YN]xxv Bacteriocins e.g. Nisin ~̃ } Y<\u } Gas: e.g CO2 lSO Y CO2 Organic acids / salts e.g benzoic, sorbic and propionic acid g:gxbv Y[o`x q\hxTNx ZZ Z Z[ Z Z ``` ` ` h`h`C``=  dRModified atmosphere packaging(MAP) ]N0lSň$*%``#20% to 40% carbon dioxide20^40 N'lSx+Tϑ 80% to 60% nitrogen 80%~60% .llv+Tϑ combined with cold storage NQυv~Tjz"``(` ` ```b eSmoking AS0pq$ ``h Combination of several factors : Q*NV }vqQ T\O(u heat treatment pYt drying r^q antimicrobial agent in the smoke p-Nvb̃BR / u2K@u2,u2`!dd d`````F```!  -^"ASN04NLuAmRv$cSSCFX $`a&    NyevߘTR]b/g XRߘT-N\o(Wve^ 9eUߘT(g rl ΘsT ^(usSߘ7{| a'Y)Rbߘ |g{|NTI{ yQ\'Yf[Sf <=Ea`F _SCFXvyrpa  NON100 ocv)n^2bk O~n^ Nvw v[vS4lagNSeOc30-40%vv[n^ eObNp N3z[bR SQ\N$cS1TFgvx_c0 leQv4NLuco2;N/fOm|NuN[ϑvllSO NONT(Wr^qTwQ g2-16 Pvs0rZaia Qai&a`D  O  ' `SCFX]zON}l$cSb/ga   D NOjRRR NOd\O)n^ NTveT[hb _T[:\[ R^vؚ^GWN'` $#!a`# jASN0vQNeWR]b/g `    Q5u:W  X \~ QIQ +}Y~ /cax:W _lTe~5uls Xl 'kYRpTa^Rp ؚ5uS ~T Resource from Book:Novel process and control technologies in the food industries8e`ee`e`e`e` e`e` e`e`>`@  7 P   f\Combinations of food technologies AS N0ߘT]zv~T$/'``$ Combined technologies ~T]z Milk pasteurization and aseptic packaging [rvYv]l@gkTẽSň Hurdle technologies hhb/g fermentation, smoking Su pq Refrigerated processed food of extended durability (REPFED) QυR]ߘTvgOX[Z*0u2ZK0u2ZK0u2ZKZZ ZZ?0ZZK0ZZKff*c c ccc c  c  c  b C c  c * ?*gTHE END `   /,-.01235 6 7 8 9 :;<=?@ABCDEFGHJ wxyz{|&'()KLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\P ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd$?" dd   " @ ` r?" dd   @@``PP    @ ` ` p@@ Z(     `"sH$H$p ?" s QArial 36, bold, shadow  Z%sxaxa1 ?" s IArial, 28, boldr  <1?"L$  Z0sxaxa1?"U z*chh88~  HA1?"4|B  s *޽h ? a( Jchinapresenation--Frans Rombouts(1)ы0 jb`(  `  Zxaxa1 ?y @a  nKlik om het opmaakprofiel van de modeltekst te bewerken Tweede niveau Derde niveau Vierde niveau Vijfde niveau8 op  01 ?     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H `B [< 01?Be E `B \< 01? 6B `B ]< 01?4@ 8A `B ^<B 01?@ 8A `B _< 01?2 6B `B `< 01? $ `B a< 01?" & `B b<B 01? & `B c< 01?  $ `B d< 01?G  `B e< 01?  `B f<B 01?  `B g< 01?G  `B h< 01? $ `B i< 01?" # `B j<B 01?" # `B k< 01? $ " l< ZSLxaxa1?   Time (Days) )Ype4 gg x m< HA1?*=t  n< ZVLxaxa1?< T4 S0 g o< Z\Lxaxa1?_ TW  S1 g p< Z`Lxaxa1? Tz  S2 g q< ZbLxaxa1? T  S3 g r< Z$fLxaxa1? T  S4 g s< Z eLxaxa1?T  S5 g t< ZlLxaxa1?T  S6 g u< ZkLxaxa1?0T( S7 g v< ZXsLxaxa1?STK S8 g w< ZnLxaxa1?vTn S9 g x< ZyLxaxa1?! S0 g y< ZPrLxaxa1? S1 g z< ZLxaxa1?   S2 g {< Z{Lxaxa1?  S3 g |< ZLxaxa1?k S4 g }< ZLxaxa1?~I S5 g`B ~< 01? < c BJCFDEF1?$EI#$#$E @] < TL  1?'}- s25 gZZ  ff`B < 01?f < 61?pV < TDL  1?}  s20 gZZ  ff`B < 01?p p  < c BJCFDEF1?$IEE$ @M ]  < TpL  1?}  s15 gZZ  ff`B < 01?J J `B < 01? 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L . monocytogenes US8h~ހXuNgeyr̃ Y . enterocolitica \~p6\hl̃ C . botulinum type khrb[Fg̃ Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2c cc c  g c c~      8,H ` 0޽h ? a(  ~h(  hd h <1?``d h <1?` h C xxDxaxa1 ?`   2 h S ڗH$H$ 3p f11?0)   H h 0޽h ? a(  ~0p(  pd p <1?``d p <1?` p C xk8xaxa1 ?0P 8 2 p S \l8H$H$ 3p f11?G  8 H p 0޽h ? a(#  C#;#**x"(  xd x <1?lVd x <1?`2 x S LH$H$ 3p f11?P  L ^B x 68c?^B x 68c?}ss x ZLxaxa1?,P O0.1cXB x 08c?XB  x 08c?  x ZļLxaxa1?| O0.2cXB  x 08c?{{  x ZLxaxa1? O0.3cXB  x 08c?  x ZLxaxa1?Rv  O0.4cXB x 08c?Q Q  x Z Lxaxa1?  O0.5cXB x 08c?  x Z@Lxaxa1?4 X  O0.6cXB x 08c?  " x ZLxaxa1?  O0.7cXB x 08c? x ZDLxaxa1?  O0.8cXB x 08c? x T8xaxa1?` O0.9ch x s @B CDEF8c?55B$D:Zu4Rj)=gc91H: dV2Tr,etR@ <9 <o I ` w  kl@W ( x s Bk CDEF8c?--e)E^El/^GlA.sPH]U* '] $ 1dOz x - *O <j H[\@pp x s HBC7DEXF`1e8c?6G2r/; Y5w3Qp\U$-0@X x s 0BoCyDELFT38c?x9Gr xH=j0I";U[a$n'(@e  x x s PBUCsDE\Fdf38c?rV~~N#*mK*e$a,g9C@*M TT/0@k .x x s PBC DE\Fd8c? 2GxsHm0$Fw[tC/0@ -H x Z$8xaxa1?z `Aw,ai  x Z('8xaxa1?g:mk $Reaction rate S^s*aa !x Z_xaxa1?x  (Lipid oxydation l'lS,cc^B "x@ 68c?Z. #x Z18xaxa1? dd T 6Non-enzymatic Browning ^vS.cc^B $x 68c?f {W & %x Z+8xaxa1? | W  .Enzymatic activity vv;mR.cc^B &x 68c? R  'x Z;8xaxa1?i  xVGrowth of: Moulds ̃ Yeasts uk Bacteria ~̃ H!cccccccn   ^B (x@ 68c?Q}F ^B )x@ 68c? ^B *x@ 68c?  H x 0޽h ? a(  0((     pYH)H)p ?{   d  <1?:;  TYY1?. PMoulds Aspergillus chevalieri f 0.71 ̃ Aspergillus ochraceus f 0.78 Aspergillus flavus Ğf 0.80 Penicillium verrucosum R 0.79 Fusarium moniliforme 2Nspb[ 0.87 Yeasts Saccharomyces rouxii luk 0.62 uk Saccharomyces cerevisiae dURuk 0.90 Bacteria Bacillus cereus !rb[Fg̃ 0.92 ~̃ Clostridium botulinum (proteolytic) 0.93 khrb[Fg̃ˆ}v4l㉋W Clostridium botulinum (non-proteolytic) 0.97 khrb[Fg̃^ˆ}v4l㉋W Escherichia coli W ^l'YFg̃ 0.93 Salmonella ll̃ 0.95 Staphylococcus aureus atrFg̃ 0.83PZPZgg'ggggggggg gggg'ggggg%gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggg%gggggggg!gggggggg*ggggggggg/ %- $  $  &56.13)  88d  <1?= d  <1?> Rd  <1?>yH  0޽h ? a(  [S0(     H)H)p ?@   d  <1?GyRF _x  PZn  Z4bxaxa1?__ aw rangeH eme   Z9xaxa1?r_#  UFoodse  Zl9xaxa1?_x _Microbial florae  Zfxaxa1? " X> 0.98 g   TXZYxaxa1? PB  2Fresh meats Fresh fish | Fresh fruits g Fresh vegetablesev,܃ Canned vegetables in brine Pňv4l,܃ Canned fruit in light syrup (<3.5 % salt, 26% sugar) NOvPň4lgv<3.5% |<26  Pggg!gg gggg6gg:gg! #   TYxaxa1?`4 P(C. perfringens, NlZh̃ Salmonella) ll̃`)Pgg ggF J   ZTYxaxa1?) /  & (Pseudomonas) GPUSb[̃LPggg*    TYxaxa1?0 m(  ] 0.93 - 0.98 g    Tܹxaxa1?>   DFermented sausages Su Processed cheese R]r^j Bread bS Evaporated milk psN Tomato paste juq (10% salt, 50% sugar) 10v050| P'ggggggggggg g'  T\_xaxa1?   8(B. cereus, !rFg̃ C. botulinum, kh̃ Salmonella ll̃) lactobacilli, bacilli and Micrococci sNx̃ b[Fg̃ _t̃rUgggg gg+g g~ ) H  0޽h ? a(   P3(     H)H)p ?s   d  <1?>yF =z:~  v  Zhxaxa1?=z~ aw range awVemeeme   Zxaxa1?qz" ~ Foods ߘT2 ee.  Zxaxa1?z:~ *Microbial flora _uir̃2ee]F \   A    Z xaxa1?\ S  gN      @   Z xaxa1? S. aureusat̃8P gg8 *   Z$xaxa1?  Mycotoxinproducing moulds Nu ̃k }v ̃ Spoilage yeasts and moulds P%'`ukT ̃PPgg gggg g8 B   Z,xaxa1?  Dry fermented sausagesr^qSu Raw ham ukp (17% salt, saturated sucrose) v17 qT| XPgggg!g gT"   ZH5xaxa1?` ~  Z 0.6 - 0.85 e (  Z89xaxa1? Z  (Xerophilic fungiUew̃6Pgg  T=xaxa1?   ZHalophiles Uvuir Osmophilic yeasts ؚnuktFPggggg8  TCxaxa1?0  j  <Dried fruit r^g Flour b| Cereals 7{| Salted fish T| Nuts ZWgXPgggggg gggg eF  ?   &*  ZOxaxa1? ; U< 0.6e~  ZlSxaxa1? ? bNo growth but may remain viable NuFOkX[NvQ-NJ2P!gg g!  ZUxaxa1?M 3 Confectionery|g Honey  Noodles bag Dried egg, milk r^q!ˆ [rvYWP gggggggggp   Bdb1?P W 0.85-0.93  a  H  0޽h ? a(  ~p(  d  <1?``d  <1?`  C xvxaxa1 ?P<  2  S PwH$H$ 3p f11?   H  0޽h ? a(  G?(    C x(xaxa1 ?`     dH$H$p ?9   d  <1? 8  T옺xaxa1?` f% w / w Glucose a| 0.00 8.90 15.74 28.51 37.83 43.72 48.54 53.05 58.45d((A/ee4e84i  Txaxa1?p  =% w / w NaCl 0.00 1.74 3.43 6.57 9.38 11.90 14.18 16.28 18.18P ((A, e1e<H  0޽h ? a(K     s (     ƺH$H$p ?&xP   d  <1?>` F Lvy  P-   Z$ɺ1?|LF y pH6geb N vy  vy  ZT1?vy  Min Max. Escherichia coli 'YFg̃ 4.4 8.5 Salmonella typhi ll̃ 4 - 4.5 8 - 9.6 Bacillus cereus !rb[Fgr̃ 4.9 9.3 Clostridium botulinum 4.6 8.5 khrFg̃ Staphylococcus aureus 4 9.8 ёĞrart̃ Saccharomyces cerevisiaedURuk 2.3 8.6 Aspergillus flavus f ̃ 2.0 11.2 Fusarium moniliforme pR̃ 2.5 10.7 Penicillium verrucosum R ̃ 2.0 10.0ggggcgeeeeeeeeeeee,eeeee e=e eeeeeee"ee!ee e&  +#F     vvcc`B  08c?H  0޽h ? a(  f^(     H$H$p ?P     C xDxaxa1 ?   $9,X  T$xaxa1? ? J.oxygen tension 'llvSR storage temperature .υ)n^ reduced aw MNOaw heat damage to cells during processing R]Ǐ z-Nvp@g̃V u2 e u2 u2gggg goggoo'g g g '8hXXH  0޽h ? a(  ~(  d  <1?``d  <1?`2  S |ݹH$H$ 3p f11?      C x޹xaxa1 ?p  H  0޽h ? a(2  ))Z(  d  <1?NNnd  <1?`2  S H$H$ 3p f11?_     C xHxaxa1 ?    XB @ 01?"  Zxaxa1?B (14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 .)'bf)  Txaxa1?gZ PpHdXB   01?#q$XB   01?qXB   01?tquXB   01?! q" XB   01? q XB  01?x q XB  01?' q( XB  01? m XB  01? q XB  01?- o. XB  01? q XB  01?qXB  01?3q4  Zxaxa1?   &Fermented sharkSu|(bbdB  <1?  dB  <1?j  dB  <1?*  dB  <1?   Zxaxa1? /  ~Egg whiteˆ}v( bb   Zdèxaxa1?@ w 8   Fish |{|(bb  Ztxaxa1?' &{   Meat {|6 bbb   Zɨxaxa1? &'  Citrus fruitsgTh( bb dB  <1?Q      ZШxaxa1?- A%  |Milk [rvY( bbdB ! <1?`    " Zըxaxa1?  Soft drinksone( bb  # Zڨxaxa1?@ 8  vFlourb|(bbdB $ <1?E < dB % <1?| _ & Tߨxaxa1?   Vegetables ,܃( bb  ' Z\xaxa1?n 2Lf Beer dUR(bb*dB ( <1? dB ) <1?P 3 H  0޽h ? a(  F>0@(  @d @ <1?``d @ <1?`d @ <1?``d @ <1?` @ # lxaxa1 ?  & @ 3 H$H$ 3p f11?i   H @ 0޽h ? a(T  PH|(  H H # lDxaxa1 ?  P   H Txaxa1? @ b ~Heating mediumRpN( Water 4l Air zzl Water 4l oil l Air zzl electromagnetic radiation 5ux\ heat exchanger / water pNbchV4l\O:NN( steam under pressure ؚS}l^pP<0P0Zeea aaaaa aaaaaa,aa$a a'aa  hh88r H S \s`G7   H H 0޽h ? a(   \TpX(  Xd X <1?``d X <1?`d X <1?``d X <1?` X TPǠxaxa1?dA St g X Z,נxaxa1?< AZ  [t = D. log No/Na X Tàxaxa1?   <No: Initial number of microorganisms _uirvSỸpe N: Number of microorganism at time t ~tepYtT_uirvkX[̃pes$caa a#cgeeeeeb$(     X Txaxa1? XHeat resistance is measured by the decimal reduction time D p'`/f(ucpeQeD

Products irradiated \vNT6 ggl  Z8xaxa1?x LExtension of shelf-life ^'N[}T J'ggg(  ZX8xaxa1?``  X [ 1.0 - 3.0 g F  Txaxa1?  LFresh fish, strawberries, |TII{6' gg   T̵8xaxa1?0 ( Vetc. g  Z88xaxa1?@8  iElimination of spoilage g.  T8xaxa1? pH  4 and pathogenicmdP%_uirTũ6g g   Z8xaxa1?P  `microorganisms g  Z8xaxa1?0  [ 1.0 - 7.0 g   Z8xaxa1?@ bFresh and frozen g  Z,8xaxa1?p h  hseafood, raw or frozen gf  Z8xaxa1?0 P h  Zpoultry and meat, etc. evTQQvwmNTN SQQv[yTI{ 6.gg(  Z8xaxa1? :  iImproving technological gJ  T8xaxa1?`  6properties of food cؚߘTvT(6gg6   T8xaxa1? `   [ 2.0 - 7.0 g   Z8xaxa1?p P h  vGrapes (increasing juice g  T8xaxa1?0 @ (  dyield), dehydrated g  Z fxaxa1? ]  evegetables (reduced gR  Tfxaxa1? ( Xcooking time), etc. acؚQAls T14l ,܃Q\pe I{6-ggH  0޽h ? a(0  X( xa d  <1?``d  <1?`  S ~=fH$H$ 3pf11?P@ >High - dose irradiation ؚBRϑ\Yt8 g$g$hh88  T8Dfxaxa1? ` 8 >High-dose (10-50 kGy) ؚBRϑ\x ggggg8  R  T Mfxaxa1?P`   Dose (kGy) BRϑX  ggg6d  <1?@ V  TQfxaxa1?P  :Products irradiated \vNTLgg1eg(  ThVfxaxa1?`   | Sometimes industrial sterilization (in combination with mild heat treatment) ge^(uN]NS@g̃ N{_RpYtel~T LyZ^ggg^  Z\fxaxa1? S x Y30 - 50 g  T`fxaxa1?@ `Meat, poultry, g  Tdfxaxa1?   cseafood, prepared g  Z hfxaxa1?K cfoods, sterilised gr  Tkfxaxa1?   X hospital diets 0[y0wmNߘTT6RYߘT0~Ǐ@g̃v;SbߘT Jgg(  Tqfxaxa1? 0  *Decontamination of certain food additives and ingredients mdgNߘTmRBRTbR valgJK:ggg(:  Zwfxaxa1?  Y10 - 50 g  Z{fxaxa1?` X  bSpices, enzyme  g*  Tdfxaxa1? p 2 preparations sTTTvv6RY4g g H  0޽h ? a(      ( xa d  <1?``d  <1?`  # l fxaxa1 ?` ` f z  Tfxaxa1?@ | Parasites [uk G  Bacteria ipQl4'`~̃ G + Bacteria, moulds ipQl3'`~̃ ̃ Spores, yeastsb[P[Tuk Viruses uk 6y   eggeegegegeggg hh88d  <1? \^B  6p?   +   S ~ fH$H$ 3pf11?7G dSensitivity of microorganisms _uirvOea'`63+g$g$hh88  Bf1?` w  ]+ g1e H  0޽h ? a(L  t(  d  <1?``d  <1?`  # l+fxaxa1 ? f   C x-fH$H$ 3pf11?Pw H Food irradiation (2) ߘT\YtN%g$ gghh88H  0޽h ? a(  nf(  0  d  <1?``d  <1?`  # lfxaxa1 ?P` f &  3 LfH$H$ 3p f11?0  f H  0޽h ? a(  <4 (    S ~x 9H$H$ 3p f11?}  RChemical disinfection N0Sf[mk6*#g$g$#H  0޽h ? a(  0@(    # lfxaxa1 ?0 ` f   # lT!fxaxa1 ?  f x  c $f  f H  0޽h ? a(  P( xa   # l0xaxa1 ?  *h$,4  S ~H$H$ 3pf11? T NDisinfection of water 104lvmk6(#g$g$hh88H  0޽h ? a( w &p(    C xpLxaxa1 ?P     C xH$H$ 3pf11? @Chlorination of water (1) /lS4lYt d!g$gg g$hh88H  0޽h ? a(t x  (  d  <1?``d  <1?`  C x4exaxa1 ?``0    S ~TfH$H$ 3pf11?G HChlorination of water (2) 2 /lS4lYt d%g$gg g  hh88H  0޽h ? a( y >(  2  S l[H$H$ 3p f11?     C xxaxa1 ?  H  0޽h ? a( z h`(  d  <1?``d  <1?`  C x xaxa1 ?   2  S H$H$ 3p f11?0     T<_xaxa1?p  Vr coagulation and flocculation QVTn}Q filtration Ǐn z:u2!ccccaaF  H  0޽h ? a(b {  (   d   <1?``d   <1?`   C x@xaxa1 ?`     C x jH$H$ 3pf11? hDisinfection of fruits and vegetables 5 4lgT,܃vmkYt85'g$g$'hh88H   0޽h ? a(*  j(  2  S H$H$ 3p f11?j   H  0޽h ? a( | LD ((  (d ( <1?``d ( <1?` ( C x 7xaxa1 ?P   H ( 0޽h ? a(  @$(  r  S     r  S   H  0޽h ? a(  P$(  r  S    r  S $  H  0޽h ? a(  `$(  r  S    r  S ˢ  H  0޽h ? a(  p0(  x  c $ע   x  c $آ  H  0޽h ? a(  0(  x  c $   x  c $0X  H  0޽h ? a(  $(  r  S    r  S   H  0޽h ? a(  $(  r  S    r  S   H  0޽h ? a(  $(  r  S t   r  S 4  H  0޽h ? a(  $(  r  S <    r  S $  H  0޽h ? a(.  V(  d  <1?``d  <1?`  C x-xaxa1 ?0P   r  S -_   H  0޽h ? a(  >(  2  S XGH$H$ 3p f11?      C x8xaxa1 ? B  H  0޽h ? a(  6(  ~  s *(   x  c $ :@   H  0޽h ? a(   >(  2  S  H$H$ 3p f11?     C xҢxaxa1 ?p  H  0޽h ? a(  @$(  r  S aq   r  S Hb  H  0޽h ? a(  P$(  r  S ౡh   r  S p  H  0޽h ? a(  `$(  r  S ֡"\   r  S Dס  H  0޽h ? a(   0(  x  c $ t   x  c $  H  0޽h ? a(  xpp(     0H$H$p ?SHq     C xxaxa1 ?P  H  0޽h ? a(  (  r  S |@-=   H  0޽h ? a(80___PPT10.BPNl0 ,$P(     H1 ?      # llxaxa1 ?y @a   @` H  0޽hl= ? a( 0   6 (  d  <1? 3d  <1?O d  <1?O3*  # l0;NnNn1 ?r    vFood technologies have existed throughout history. Initially, their objective was to preserve food and/or make it more palatable and digestible, and the search for food preservation methods sometimes led to the development of new foods e.g. wine. While ensuring food safety was not an explicit objective, any technology resulting in an unsafe product was bound to be changed or abandoned. ߘTR]b/gSS`EN0gR R]vvv/f:NNONOυTOߘTfRsTSST[fmS [ߘTOυelvxvz ge[NeߘTvSU\ Y R0}6qOߘT[hQ/fN*N+T|vvh FO/f Q/f NnxOߘT[hQvR]b/g_{9eۏb>e_0 As a science, however, Food Technology is relatively young. Some of the first scientific experiments in this area were done by Nicolas Appert who developed the canning process, to reduce the dependence of the French army on local provisions while on the move. \O:NN6qyf[ ߘTR]b/g؏vS_t^R0Nicolas Appert SU\NP4YR]b/g N Q\NlVQ(WLQǏ z-N[0WeO^vOV Nvxvz/f勆WۏLv,{Nybyf[[0V((V`pq  (        H1 ?    H  0޽hl= ? a(` 0   $(  $d $ <1? 3d $ <1?O d $ <1?O3 $ # lwNnNn1 ?r @   &With increased understanding of the role of food in the transmission of diseases came the recognition that food technologies have an enormous potential for preventing disease and ensuring food safety. NNegƋ0RߘT(W Oduuebv\O(u Te_NƋ0RߘTR]b/g(W2uuTOߘT[hQebwQ g]'Yv\o0 One of the first technologies promoted for public health purposes was milk pasteurisation. It was recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Milk Hygiene. :NOۏlQqQeP^ _SvߘTR]b/gKNN/f[rvYv]lmp̃0FAO/WHON[YXTOTTcP勀b/g(uNO[rvYkSu0 Today, the objectives of food technology include improving nutritional, organoleptic and functional qualities as well as ensuring food safety. N)Y ߘTR]vvvSbcؚߘTv%{Q0Sa0TRHe OߘTv[hQ'`0`p8%     $  H1 ?    H $ 0޽hl= ? a(0 z04(  4d 4 <1? 3d 4 <1?O d 4 <1?O3 4 # l|WNnNn1 ?r    RThis lecture will explain how different food processing techniques can be used to prevent and/or control hazards in food and describe the factors (parameters) which influence the processes. ,g\ʑ2bkߘTP%T/bc6RqS[vߘTR]b/g gUO N T cq_TR]vTyV }Spe 0((`/     4  H1 ?    H 4 0޽hl= ? a(H 0   `<(  <d < <1? 3d < <1?O d < <1?O3 < # l "NnNn1 ?E    6There are different ways to classify food technologies. One is according to the type of treatment that foods receive, e.g. physical or chemical. In the context of HACCP and public health, it is more practical to address food technologies in terms of their role in ensuring food safety, as is shown in this slide. ߘTR]b/gvR{|el gYy09hncߘTS0RvYtelR{|1\/fvQ-NKNN0 The rest of this lecture will discuss food technologies which render foods safe. The next two modules will discuss technologies to control contaminants and prevent the growth of microorgansims, and those whose purpose is to prevent (re)contamination. Nb\cؚߘT[hQ'`vߘTR]b/g06qTQc6RalgT2bk_uiruvߘTR]b/gNS2ߘTN!k algvR]b/g0 ((`F;$?     <  H1 ?    H < 0޽hl= ? a(0 @8@D(  Dd D <1? 3d D <1?O d D <1?O3 D # lHNnNn1 ?r    By rendering food microbiologically safe, we mean eliminating or reducing a microbiological hazard in the food to a safe level. Examples of such technologies are heat treatment, food irradiation, chemical disinfection, freezing (for parasites), and high pressure. cؚߘT_uir[hQ'`cmdb\ߘT-N_uirqS[Q\0R[hQ4ls^0ُNR]b/g gRpYt0ߘT\0QQN[[uk gHe 0TؚSYtb/g0M((M`E     D  H1 ?    H D 0޽hl= ? a(p0 0(`L(  L L # lʠxaxa1 ?y *   DHeat treatment is the most effective and common method for destroying pathogens. Foods can be heat-treated by contact with hot air, steam or hot water, hot oil or a hot surface or by using microwaves. @gmpũg gHe0g8^(uvel/fRpYt0Npzzl0}l0p4l0plbphbcb)R(u_lSN[ߘTۏLpYt0 Each of these treatments has a related process: pasteurisation, sterilisation, microwave treatment, or household or artisan processes such as cooking and boiling.kypYtb__ gv^vR]el]lmp̃0@g̃0_lYt0b YpjTnql0 All the processes use similar parameters to ensure the safe application of these technologies. To understand this, we need to examine how organisms behave during a heat treatment process. :NNnxOُNb/gv[hQ^(u pYtǏ z-N^(uNv   :  Factors other than temperature influence heat resistance. Bacterial spores are more resistant than vegetative forms, because of their structure and composition and the low water content in their spore core. Yeasts, ascospores and the asexual spores of moulds are slightly more resistant than the vegetative form of bacteria and are normally killed by temperatures between 65 and 100C. dN)n^Y ؏ gYV }q_Tp'`01uNb[v~g0~b0b[-N+T4lϑNOI{SV ~̃b[vp'`܏܏ؚNvQ;m~ހ0uk0Vb[P[T ̃e'`b[P[vp'` NS;m~̃ @g̃)n^8^(W65 ~ 100CKN0 The age and state of growth of microorganisms, and the composition and physicochemical parameters of the medium (such as pH, water activity) also affect heat resistance. For instance, vegetative cells are more heat resistant in their stationary phase than in their log phase. Cells also show greater sensitivity if pH is decreased below 6 or increased above 8. Fat (low aw) enhances heat resistance. Bacterial spores suspended in oil are more heat resistant than in an aqueous system: for example, Salmonella senftenberg is more resistant in milk chocolate than in skim milk. This has implications for pasteurisation of high sugar content products such as ice-cream mix. Low water content also increases heat resistance. This means it is more difficult to destroy organisms in a dry medium than in a wet medium. _uirvt^Tur` W{QWv~bTirtSf[SpeY pH04lN;m^ _NOq_TvQp'`0OY ^ngv;m~ހk[peugv;m~ހfp0(WpHNON6bؚN8vsX-N ~ހ[pvOea'`ؚ04lR;m^NO cؚ~̃vp'`0`nmNl-Nv~̃b[kvQ(W4lv-Nfp0OY ll̃(WvYl]KQR-NkvQ(W1sN-Nvp'`ؚ0ُasT@w+T|ؚvNT YQ*t3t ؚv]lmp̃)n^04lR+TϑNO_NOXRp'`0Vdk @gmpr^qN(-Nv~̃k@gmpnonN(-Nv~̃f0L\`h~`` `=   ,'     t  H1 ?    H t 0޽hl= ? a(| 0 <4|(  | | # lXxaxa1 ?r @Z   PThese data show the influence of the composition of the medium on the heat resistance of Salmonella senftenberg. The organism is more heat resistant in the presence of sugar than of salt. ُNpenchfW{QWv~b[ll̃p'`vq_T0_uir(W+T g|vW{QW-Nk(W+T gvvW{QW-Nfp04((Y``~`3 |  H1 ?    H | 0޽hl= ? a(Z 0   (  d  <1? 3d  <1?O d  <1?O3  # l ěNnNn1 ?x    :The heating process is not instantaneous. The temperature increase varies with a number of factors. The curve in this figure shows an example of the heating and cooling process of a food product. RpǏ z N/fw1\[bv0)n^XRv^YV }SS01uV-Nvf~SwߘTRpTQtSǏ z0 Above the lethal temperature, temperature increase contributes to the destruction of the organisms. Therefore, the lethal effect of the warming and cooling process should also be taken into account. (Wp{k)n^N N )n^vXR gRN@g{k_uir0Vdk_{QGS)nTQtSǏ z-Nv To calculate the lethal effect of the entire process, it is necessary to integrate the lethal effect at each temperature over the entire process. :NNQnx{te*NǏ z-Nvp{kHeg _{Qte*NRpǏ z-NT)n^ Nvp{k\O(u0((`T0')       H1 ?    H  0޽hl= ? a("0 @r(    # lxaxa1 ?y 0 a   fAs well as eliminating harmful microorganisms, heat treatments have other effects on the food. The effect of heat treatment on enzymes or vitamins are characterized by the same type of parameters e.g. D-values as are used for microorganisms. dNmdߘT-N g[_uirY pYt؏ONuvQ[Heg0pYt[vb~u }vq_T_NSN(u T{|Spec 1\a(uDf:yNIl!XS-Nv)n^^0vc)n^e bvKmϑp N T Km_v)n^\X[(W_'Y]+R0:NNnxONTvT*NR0RgNOp{k)n^ ^ bNT-Np OgbavpbgQvpۏLKmϑ0NvQ[VSOߘTN7h Il!XSv-N_1\/fgQvp0&G([`8Iq       H1 ?    9H  0޽hl= ? a( 0 \ T  ( , d  <1? 3d  <1?O d  <1?O3   # lD9NnNn1 ?r   9 , ZProducts heated by a microwave treatment may show cold and hot spots. _lYtvNT gSX[(WQpTpp0 In microwave heating, heat is generated due to intermolecular friction between water molecules. Water molecules are dipoles which change orientation under oscillating electromagnetic radiation. A number of factors such as the geometry, physical and dielectric properties of the product influence the heating process and may cause differential heat treatment. Therefore, even if the heat transfer is relatively rapid, caution is necessary: if the structure of a food is heterogenous, not all the parts will be heated at the same rate. This may result in hot and cold spots. The same is true for ohmic heating. In this method, an electric heating current is passed through the material. The heating rate is a function of the electric conductance of the solid and liquid phases. (W_lRpǏ z-N 4lRP[KNvNiddNupϑ0(W5ux\voS N vPg4lRP[veTSuSS0q_T_lpYtǏ zvV }YNTv~g0irt'`(T5uN('`( _Y v^VdkNu N TvHeg0@bN =\{ Op^vS__ FO_{laYgߘTv~g/f_(v 1\ NNv TsRpߘTvTR ~gO[ߘT-NQsppTQp0(W5u;RpǏ z-N_N/fُ7h0(W勹el-N Rp5uAmǏSe0Rps/fVvTmv5u[|pevQpe0X.`+`5``` `Q`8F        H1 ?    9H  0޽hl= ? a( 0 z r  (  d  <1? 3  Z9jJjJ1?   n46b W++WWd  <1?O d  <1?O3   H1 ?    9  # l9NnNn1 ?x   9 JFreezing has two different types of action on microorganisms. QQ[_uir g$Ny N Tv\O(u0 In terms of food safety, freezing can be used only to kill parasites and a minimum of 24 to 48 hours at -18C is needed to kill them. Bacteria and viruses survive freezing. Enzymatic activity such as polyphenol oxidase and lipase may take place. However, since multiplication of microbes is not possible, freezing is an important measure to control microbiological hazards. 1\ߘT[hQ QQS@g{k[uk N (W-18C N.X[24~48\eMb@g{k[uk0~̃Tuk(WQQagN NuX[0vOY YZ'lSvTv (WQQagN N_NSwQ g;m'`0FO/f 1uN_uir(WQQagN N NSA~k Vdk QQ/fc6R_uirqS[v͑ce0&H((`D`T>vf    H  0޽hl= ? a( 0 ~ v  (  d  <1? 3d  <1?O d  <1?O3  # l(9NnNn1 ?x >   NFood irradiation is another process used to render foods safe. It involves treating food with ionizing radiation of known energy for a specific time to extend shelf-life; destroy or inactivate insects, parasites, pathogenic bacteria, moulds and yeast; prevent decay or ripening of fruits and vegetables; inhibit post-harvest sprouting of tuber and bulb crops. cؚߘT[hQ'`vSNyel/fߘT\Yt0)R(u]wϑvyP[\~YtߘT Ncؚ'g[}T @g{kbSfk0[uk0ũ0 ̃ 2bk4lgT,܃P%bǏqb6RWWTt\OirS0 The types of radiation that are used are Gamma rays, electron beams or Xrays. Of these only 60Co (cobalt) and electron beams have achieved major importance. ߘT-N^(uv\{|W g=Os\~05uP[_gbX\~0vQ-NS g60CoT5uP[_gwQ g͑v^(uNfWq_T [wirCQ }TuϑCQ }_Nl gq_T0 \[~u }vq_TSQNߘTy{|0~u }y{|0R]T.υagN0 gN~u }_[f4xOW Y ~u }B1T~u }E gN~u }RvS_3z[0 1uN\YtǏv0yTwmNߘTNwQ g e vY‰ Vdk \/fcؚRirnߘTSe_uir[hQ'`v͑el0>|@2`b c c c c c c 7c TD    H  0޽hl= ? a(^0 (  d  <1? 3d  <1?O d  <1?O3   H1 ?    f  # lfNnNn1 ?r pH  f hUltra violet (UV) radiation has limited penetration and thus its application in food safety is also limited. It is useful for destroying microorganisms in air, surfaces and in thin liquid films. Mould spores are quite resistant. +}Y\zir(vR gP Vdk vQ(WߘT[hQebv^(u_N gP0+}Y~S(uN@g{kzzl-N0ir(hbTmSO Nv_uir0FO/f ̃b[P[[+}Y~ g_:_vbbR0 (5`Lc P    H  0޽hl= ? a(0 @J(    # l69NnNn1 ?r   9 @Chemical disinfectants can be used to kill different microorganisms. For instance, for water, disinfectants such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines and iodine can be used. Chemical disinfection can also be used for fruits and vegetables, surfaces and equipment. In this lecture we will discuss chlorination of water as an example. Disinfection of surfaces and equipment will be discussed in the presentation on cleaning and sanitation. Sf[mkS@gmpYy_uir0OY /l0N'lS/l0/lTxRI{mkBRS(uN4lvSf[mk04lgT,܃0ir(hbTY_NǑ(uSf[mk0,gbNN/l4l:NOU\_0(WnmTkSu-Nir(hbTYvmk0 00!`9``e       H1 ?    9H  0޽hl= ? a(p0 0(`(    # l,NnNn1 ?r pH   DUsually, the resistance of different pathogens to different disinfectants is expressed in terms of the C.t value needed to reduce microorganisms by 99%. N Tũ[TymkBRvbbR8^(uC.t   ``       N1 ?    H  0޽hl= ? a(~K0 >6(  d  <1? 3d  <1?O d  <1?O3  N1 ?     3 r(NnNn1 ?r pH   dBoth because of inefficacy of a disinfectant on parasites as well as to remove the organic matters, water needs to be treated before chlorination. This treatment includes many steps: coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration. 1uNmkǏ z N gHe@g{k[uk _N N gHeSd g:gir( Vdk (W/lSYtMR[4lۏLYt YtǏ zSbQV0n}Q0lmTǏn0@3&` bb `C    H  0޽hl= ? a(>L0 $(  $d $ <1? 3d $ <1?O d $ <1?O3 $ N1 ?    | $3 r4tNnNn1 ?r pH   Disinfection of fruits and vegetables has also been considered. The disinfection is practiced in some developing countries. Although it is not fully effective, it may enhance the safety of some fruits and vegetables. (WNNSV[ [4lgT,܃_NۏLmkYt0}6q N0RWnvHeg FO/f SNcؚgN4lgT,܃v[hQ'`0H`f$` f$6    H $ 0޽hl= ? a(M0 tl0,(  ,d , <1? 3d , <1?O d , <1?O3 , N1 ?     ,3 r4NnNn1 ?x >   8High pressure treatment is a recent technological development. A product in a flexible container is put into a vat filled with a liquid. The vat is pressurized, and the pressure is transmitted through the fluid to all sides of the food simultaneously. The high pressure kills bacteria and spores with different efficiencies depending on some of the parameters mentioned in this overhead. ؚSYt/fgя_SvNyR]b/g0\o(SňvNT>eeQNSEQnmSOv[hV-N0T勹[hVRS Te SRǏmSO OTte*NߘT0ؚS@g{k~̃Tb[P[ vQHesSQNpYt-Nc0RvNNSpe0`[    H , 0޽hl= ? a(,b0 |(    N1 ?     C xD#xaxa1 ?y @a   dThe redox potential of foods can be controlled either by removal of oxygen by vacuum packaging or modification of the atmosphere by gas flushing. )R(uwzzSňdS'llbEQlSňb/gc6RߘT\o(Wv'lS؏S\O(u0Jb`.` ```!H  0޽hl= ? a(c0 &(    N1 ?    X C xxaxa1 ?y @a   In addition to controlling physical parameters, it is also possible to use antimicrobial agents to control the growth of microorganisms. Depending on the food product and microorganisms, different antimicrobial agents can be used. For instance, sodium nitrite is used in the production of ham to control the growth of C. botulinum. It also gives the meat the desired pink-reddish colour. Bacterocins, e.g. nisin are active against pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, C.botulinum, and Staphylococcus. dNc6RirtSpeY _NS)R(ub̃ }c6R_uiru09hncߘTT_uirvyr'` (u N Tb̃ }0OY (WkpuN-N)R(uN]xxc6RkFg̃vu Te[؏ONut`v|~r0 ~̃ }Y <\u } _NwQ g2bkũYUS8h~ހNgeyr̃0kFg̃Tat̃ v;m'`0d{>``u`#````H  0޽hl= ? a(e0 bZ0(   3 rИNnNn1 ?v =x   Some technologies are based on a combination of several factors or processes. Smoking makes use of both heat treatment, drying and sometimes also anti-microbial agents present in the smoke. These techniques are sometimes referred to as "hurdle technologies. gNb/g/f1uQ*NV }bel~Twegv0pqǏ z-NO(uNpYtTr^q$Nyel ge_N)R(up-Nvb̃BR0ُNb/g gey:N hhb/g 0FF`C      N1 ?    d  <1?YH  0޽hl= ? a(f0 0(    N1 ?    b 3 rۡxaxa1 ?v     To achieve safety, a combination of several technologies is applied, e.g. milk is pasteurized or sterilized and aseptically packed to prevent re-contamination. In this situation, different technologies are applied with different objectives, i.e. decontamination and protecting from re-contamination. However, different technologies are sometimes combined to reach a single objective. This type of application of food technologies is referred to as  hurdle technology , i.e. a technology which is based on several factors affecting growth and survival of microorganisms. Fermentation and curing (low pH, microbial inhibitors, competitive microflora) are examples. Refrigerated processed foods of extended durability include foods where a combination of various technologies are applied with a specific objective, but with minimal changes in the nature of the product. These foods are cooked at lower temperatures than canned foods, to produce the desired organoleptic changes. After heating, products are rapidly cooled and stored under refrigeration. Very often these products are vacuum packed, either before or after the heat treatment. The safety as well as the suitability (prevention of spoilage) of the product is ensured by a combination of heat-treatment, refrigeration and vacuum packaging. :NNONTv[hQ'` 8^8^\Qy]z~TwegO(u OY[rvY]lmp̃b@g̃TẽSňN2bkN!kalg0(Wُy`Q N ky]z gvQ\O(uTvv sSmdalgT2bkN!kalg0 FO/f ge/f:NN0RN*Nvh \ N T]z~Tweg0ُ{|ߘT]zyKN:N hhb/g sS9hncq_T_uiruTuX[vQ*NV } ^zvNyb/g0SuTYtNOpH0_uirb6RBR0zN'`_uir= 1\/f*NOP[0 R]ߘTvQυ NFOSN^.X[g NNT'`(vSS_Ng\ :NN0RُNvv \YyR]b/g~T:NNSO0ُNߘTvpj)n^kP4YߘTNO v^NuNgva[SS0RpT ŏQtSNT v^ۏLQυ0ُNNT8^8^(WpYtMRbpYtTǑ(uwzzSň0\pYt0QυTwzzSňb/g~Tweg N ONNTv[hQ'`T['`2bkP% 0 rr`, A  H  0޽hl= ? a($ r0 8t(  8d 8 <1? 3d 8 <1?O d 8 <1?O3 8 N1 ?    Lb 83 r$!LNnNn1 ? ^Z  L Temperature control is one of the most important aspects of control of microbiological hazards and prevention of foodborne diseases. Every organism has a minimum, optimum and maximum temperature for growth, Below the optimum, the growth rate (generation time) decreases. The sub-optimum temperatures do not usually kill the organism. At high temperatures, damage to proteins and cell constituents occurs. This is why the curve descends rapidly at temperature above the optimum. )n^c6R/fc6R_uirqS[02ߘn'`uug͑vceKNN0 ky_uirvu gvQgNO0g0gؚ)n^0NONg)n^ vQusNNe Tg MNO0euNONg)n^__ N@g{k_uir0ؚ)n N ˆ}v(QV ~ހbRSuSS Vdk Ne)n^ؚNg)n^ _uiruf~ŏ NM02 d`bF   ;    H 8 0޽hl= ? a(Js0  @(  @d @ <1? 3d @ <1?O d @ <1?O3 @ N1 ?    L @3 rLNnNn1 ? ^Z  L Here we can see the effect of temperature on the growth of Salmonella typhimurium. At 25C, it reaches stationary phase in one day; at 10C, stationary phase is not reached in five days. At temperatures lower than 10C, growth is negligible. 1uVSw)n^[ $O[ll̃uvq_T0 25Ce SN)Y1\0R_uiru3z[g 10Ce N)Y_N N0R_uiru3z[g0NON10C _uiruS_eu N0G;```f$`f$ ` f$`p     H @ 0޽hl= ? a(t0 bZH(  Hd H <1? 3d H <1?O d H <1?O3 H N1 ?    L H3 rLNnNn1 ? ^Z  L &Here we can see the growth ranges of several foodborne pathogens. 1uhSw[gNߘn'`ũuv)n^V0ZZ`C    H H 0޽hl= ? a(pu0 0(P(  Pd P <1? 3d P <1?O d P <1?O3 P N1 ?     P3 rxBNnNn1 ? TZ   Toxigenic moulds are also affected in the same way.Nk } ̃_NS)n^vq_T0AA`3    H P 0޽hl= ? a( w0   \N (  \  \3 r9xaxa1 ? ^   Temperature affects microbial growth. Most bacteria found in foods grow best at 28 - 45C. Some can grow rapidly at 20 - 25C. Foods should never be kept in warm surroundings for more than one or two hours, although hot storage (> 60) is safe for short periods. In the cold, bacteria multiply slowly. Chilling in the refrigerator (optimum 3C; maximum 10C) will prevent or slow the growth of microorganisms. A few can multiply under these conditions; in the freezer, most live but do not reproduce. Boiling and pasteurizing kills bacteria in a few minutes but it does not kill heat-resistant spores or destroy heat-resistant toxins. That is why cooked food should be eaten immediately. Here we can see a picture of the critical temperatures, showing that microorganisms grow within a specific temperature range known as danger zone. )n^q_T_uiru0'YYpe~̃(WߘT-Nvgu)n^:N28 ~ 45C gN~̃(W20~25C Nŏu0}6qؚ)n(> 60) .X[weg Nq_TNTv[hQ'` FO/f CSN N\ߘT(W)nfvsX-NX[>e1b2\e0 (WQvsX-N ~̃A~kߏ0(WQ{-NQυg)n^:N3C g'Y)n^:N10C 2bQ_uiru0(WُNagN N N\pe_uirYA~k (WQQagN N 'YYpe;m~ހ NQu0l~T]l@g̃(WQRQ@g{k~̃ FO/ftS N4xOW gp'`vb[P[bk }0ُ1\/fpjTߘT^zsSߘ(uvSV@b(W0 1u4NLu)n^VSw _uirS(Wyr[v)n^VQu VSy:NqSi:SW0 ll`D  D \ N1 ?    H \ 0޽hl= ? a(4x0 d(  dd d <1? 3d d <1?O d d <1?O3 d N1 ?    r d3 r@ȗNnNn1 ?x =   DThese microorganisms can grow at low temperatures, and chilling alone is not a good technology for prevention of their growth . ُN_uir(WNO)n Nu Vdk Qυ N/f2ُN_uiruv}Yel0`#    H d 0޽hl= ? a(@ y0   l (  l l N1 ?      lC x\9xaxa1 ?y @a    Reduction of water activity is an important technology to control microbiological hazards. The underlying principle is that microorganisms need water to grow. In their natural state, many foodstuffs contain sufficient water to support the growth of microorganisms. By decreasing the amount of water in food or its availability to microorganisms, growth of microorganisms can be prevented. Q\4lR;m^/fc6R_uirqS[v͑el0vQ9h,gSt1\/f_uiru4lR0(W6qr` N YߘTSe+T gEQRv4lO_uiruKN0Q\ߘT-N4lR+Tϑb_uiru@bv gHe4lR 1\2bk_uiru0 The term water activity refers to the availability of water in a food, and should not be confused with water content; a food may have a high water content but if much of this water is bound by food components, it would not be available to microorganisms. It could then be said that the food has a low water activitiy. Water activity affects both the rate of growth of microorganisms and production of toxins, as well as kinetics of chemical and enzymatic reactions. /g4lR;m^cߘT-Nv gHe4lR N\vQN4lR+Tϑm0gyߘT4lR+Tϑ}ؚ FO/f YgvQ-NYpe4lRNߘT-NvvQ[bR~T(WNw HNُN4lR1\ N_uir)R(u0_NSN ߘTv4lR;m^NO04lR;m^eq_T_uirvusSvQNuvk } Sq_TSf[S^TvS^vRRf[0II`8dH l 0޽hl= ? a(,z0 @t|(  t t N1 ?    8 tC xS8xaxa1 ?y @a  8 FWater activity is the ratio of water vapour pressure of food to that of pure water. It is a value which varies between 0 and 1. 4lR;m^I{NߘTv4l}lSPT~4lv}lSP0KNk0vQ`(    N1 ?     C xjxaxa1 ?y @a   HAt water activity <0.6, food starts to become shelf-stable, as no growth occurs but microorganisms may remain viable. This means that as soon as water is added to dehydrated food, precautions required for a fresh food apply because surviving microorganisms can grow again. 4lR;m^<0.6 ߘT g3z[v'gg V:Ndke_uir Nu FO/f _uirNkX[NvQ-N0ُasT@wS14lߘTv4lR+TϑXR 1\_{T[_eߘTN7h la2bkkX[ _uirvu0ll`8RH  0޽hl= ? a(<0 (    N1 ?     C xTxaxa1 ?y @a   Various technologies can be applied to control water activity. Old preservation techniques such as salting and jam making etc. are based on lowering the water activity. c6R4lR;m^vel gYy0 O~Oυb/g OY v nT6R\Ogq vQSt/fMNO4lR;m^0`,H  0޽hl= ? a(b0 "(    N1 ?     C xxaxa1 ?y @a   $Here we see water activity of different concentrations of salt and glucose at 25C. Weight for weight, salt is more effective than glucose. However, comparison should be made on a mole for mole basis, because water activity is a function of the number of molecules or ions in the water. Salt, besides being of a lower molecular weight, also dissociates in two ions. 1uhSw 25C N N TSm^vTa|nmv4lR;m^0 N͑ϑk w vka|f gHe0FO/f ُyk^Nid\k:NW@x V:N 4lR;m^/f4l-NRP[byP[peϑvQpe0v NFORP[ϑNO NvQnN4l-NSb_b$N*NyP[0`8n`H  0޽hl= ? a(0 ~v(    N1 ?    @ C xhxaxa1 ?y @a   Low and high pH limit the growth of pathogens.NObؚpHGWb6Rũ0 The effect of pH is different for different organisms. _uir N T pH[[Nvq_T_N N T0 These limits can be affected by the nature of the acid.xv'`(q_T pHb6R_uirvHeg0`. 7 7 H  0޽hl= ? a(0 @(    N1 ?    r C xѹxaxa1 ?y @a   @It should, however, be remembered that microorganisms can grow at a wider pH range in laboratory media than in foods. FO/f bN_{wS N(WߘT-Nvk _uir(W[[W{QW-N(Wf[vpHVQu0`8v"H  0޽hl= ? a(0 ^(    N1 ?     C xxaxa1 ?y @a   4These are examples of technologies which are used based on the pH of the food. The effect of some technologies e.g fermentation is the result of low pH as well as the presence of antimicrobial agents and competitive microorganisms. R>NN9hncߘTpH bR]b/gNN[O0 gNuN]zNuMNOpH0Nub̃ }TzN'`_uirI{\O(u0`b  H  0޽hl= ? a(0  $(    N1 ?    V C xxaxa1 ?y @a   Here pH values of some foods are listed. 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K610o6pChYBQDRn!QP F<6IZ_mzc~mC9 ]  =e$q)-;37=BFK^iUAmYQI5! -s<u>a@g ~m7d(    r9 Slide $PowerPoint.SOh+'0R <`      ] Food Properties Food Spoilage and Food Preservation ʳƷƷʡʳƷȾԼʳƷısen FobiotechICD, HACCP, foodtechood08-09, 18.9, 19.9, 10.12po/D:\chinapresenation--Frans Rombouts(1).ppte davidzhangs48iMicrosoft PowerPoint 4.0s R@nk'@ o@ o@䖌e%U2GPg  R('& &&#TNPP 2OMi & TNPP &&TNPP     'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___wwwllnCg!DmCCCsClCl==lBnlggJmmClrޑ--&TNPP &՜.+,0     ĻʾTHcau M7 Times New RomanArial κ пSymbol Wingdings _GB2312Բ(chinapresenation--Frans Rombouts(1)Microsoft PowerPoint õƬ λͼͼChap2 ֤ʳƷȫʳƷӹa Food Properties Food Spoilage and Food Preservation 漰ݣʳƷʳƷܺʳƷ һ ǰ1Introduction (1)2Introduction (2)3Introduction (3)4Introduction (4)5Introduction (5)6Introduction (6)Objective 2ѧϰĿ#ڶ ֤ʳƷȫʳƷӹ0Classes of food technologies ʳƷӹwһʳƷȫԵļ һ Heat treatmentsȴ 䶳 ģѧ 壩ѹȾļֹٴΣΣȾļһӰʳƷȫʳƷPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸ$Mycotoxins in food ʳƷеùPowerPoint ʾĸ%Psychro trophic pathogens ²Water activity 2ˮֻ.Water activity (definition) ˮֻa wĶWater activity (3) ˮֻa wzMinimum levels of aW permitting growth ( at near optimum temperatures ) ΢ˮֻȣڽӽ¶£NRange of aW in foods and their microbial flora ʳƷaWķΧ΢Ⱥ2Range of aW in foodsand and their microbial floraWater activity (4) ˮֻ hConcentration of NaCl and glucose at various aw values (at 25C) 25CʱͬŨʳκҺawCpH values limiting the growth of pathogens 3pH²#pH and other factors pHpH#pH of different foods ͬʳƷpHd Food technologies that may kill certain microbes ɱijЩ΢ʳƷӹȴ ȷķD value Dֵ Heat resistance (1) Heat resistance (2)Heat resistance (3)Heat resistance (4)%Heat treatment ȴAEffects on proteins and vitamins ԵʺάصӰ/Pasteurization schemes 1ɱ9Temperature gradient in hamburger ¶ݶȱ仯ͼMicrowave treatmen 2΢Freezing 䶳ãirradiation ġ'Food irradiation (1) 1ʳƷ䱣,Low - dose irradiation ͼ䴦PowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸ"һ ڱʳƷȫеӦPowerPoint ʾĸһˮ߲еӦ PowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸౣеӦص㣺PowerPoint ʾĸŵ㣺PowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸ Ӧ: ӦӣʳƷӼPowerPoint ʾĸģʳƷPowerPoint ʾĸ ʳƷİȫ Ҫһ䰲ȫ ɻ⣺PowerPoint ʾĸ 1̼ˮ2ʷ3֬4άطPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸ ﰲȫPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸӪ仯ıʺͳ̶ڣԴӪصӰPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸ ΢ϺPowerPoint ʾĸάصӰPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸ ģ ʵ飺PowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸPowerPoint ʾĸ Խۣ ʳƷļ״ ⷽPowerPoint ʾĸϷʳƷķչص Ҫص:PowerPoint ʾĸ ֯ĿRoot EntrydO) @PicturesCurrent User,SummaryInformation(S     ),-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)~@PicturesCurrent User,SummaryInformation(S     ),-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~_Juseruser(wdzhang_JUserUser(wdzhang  !"#$%+'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~     ),-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)pe@PicturesCurrent User>SummaryInformation(SPowerPoint Document(&nDocumentSummaryInformation80?y)2]VE,Nn>y{ֽ7Pr%'A  ~@A  @!D A ]:nmf#Baz%k 6xd Ѽ S;&ҹM?|'~bg.Jy_,Zt;ݲzZn&Tr7ЪRv1+A \ rA  M()=@ ùc>;UAFMQx#<f?c>߳'v{=iSV< =JK4^t:_9IIC5I6jnAj>D #jW ^w<Z5P4>e 7Wfdr%mBCE ؛[/&~(,/~_җOBOW/xE<-dC 3E %i͘T+hxz|G=1eq`Z68qt5Ga JL?zSY(&=( ^g)"GO] )ZX5 r0 ]+`q Q爵w1vr05^ts_x;S̒dA BA# w گʯǫK^Dg}{]_]Gyի^ŭ=sYZy~oݿtPaRӡ5G۾mH7|;߹2򲗽̪~./oԔ7_kyiĹQ 2A`:nJ|k^S`n 00s?G/%}/^ԏn}<}7|Qz^n^R[V;݁iEP%8hVf6,|~`MB) SH0]?{o0L5Đ4)c+H%ihn OUW{OWMCeK"l??9v'WU צBN#0_? 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YZ[W\\^]`^_+`badbfchdje lfngph*rDEF6789:;<45TRS    !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEF2$v+h"Chap2 OߘT[hQvߘTR]`     Food Properties Food Spoilage and Food Preservation mSQ[ߘTyr_0ߘTP%TߘTOυ&Nn?``:   .k,{N MR`  Q%$10Introduction (1)6`ba Most food is produced ~'YYpevߘT/f~ǏR]Ytv Once or twice per year at harvests kt^(W6ec[ S gN0R$N!kvǑ6e Far away from big cities Se܏yW^0# dd(` ` ``T(R&$20Introduction (2)6`ba Food is needed  lNߘ:N)Y Every day V:NbNk)Y_{DdSN[ϑvߘT In urban areas $\vQ/f(W'YW^ [ߘTv(ϑBlOfؚ)  )ddd` a  a `ddT) S'$30Introduction (3)6`ba That is why there is a need for ُ1\/f :NNHN[N N$Np gvSV Food preservation food industry ߘTvOυ ߘT]NuN Food transportation food retail ߘTvЏ ߘTv.U F!'@$;!d`d``  ` ` ```   $$$$ 8 $5 $40Introduction (4)6`bb Historically, objectives of food 000technologies have been : SNeg ߘTR]b/gvvv(WN preservation of food ߘT_o}YvOυ'` rendering food more palatable and digestible ߘTfRsTSST[fmS8T6e 0PZ0ZZp xZ(p xZ(.0 xZ0 xZ`Udddea a2aaaapU 2 $50Introduction (5)$`bHIn modern times, food technologies are applied with the additional objectives : (WS_N ߘTR]b/g؏Џ(uNN NQeb developing new food products _SeߘT giving food desired functional properties KNߘTfYvRHe improving nutritional and organoleptic quality cؚߘTv%{QNx>Psychro trophic pathogens UQũ$ `` ?y.Water activity 204lR;m^2```Water is required for the growth and metabolism of microorganisms 4l/f_uiruTeHN"_vir( All the water in foods is not available for microorganisms v^^ߘT-Nv4lR_uir)R(u The degree of availability of water is measured by water activity (a w ) (u4lR;m^a w aϑ gHe4lRv+Tϑ Chemical and enzymatic reactions are also affected by availability of water Sf[S^TvS^_NS gHe4lRvq_T CpZZ 2pZZ 2;pZZ 2pZZ 2IpZZ 2pZZ 2L0ZZ 0ZZ 0Z Cbbb?bbEbjbbck cLbbbbC;J  L@zLWater activity (definition) 4lR;m^a wv[IN\'` bc k c 8Ba w is the ratio of water vapour pressure of food (p) to that of pure water (po) at the same temperature. a wcv T)n^ N ߘTv4l}lSPT~4lv}lSP0KNk0 a w = p/ po 0 < a w < 1jdl/`d`dld`dlaiaidldldld`mA{4Water activity (3) 4lR;m^a wJ`bc k * B|Minimum levels of aW permitting growth ( at near optimum temperatures ) _uiru_vgNO4lR;m^(Wcяg)n^ N rbbjbb !bb bI C}Range of aW in foods and their microbial flora ߘT-NaWvVSvQ_uir̃nA b j &b c k c 81  D~1Range of aW in foodsand and their microbial floraR2 bj bb b1 E0Water activity (4) 4lR;m^ V`bbb  j ((aw can be reduced by : N NyelQ\aw Removing water (drying) dS4lRpr^ Decreasing availability of water by crystalization (freezing) Ǐ~vfQQ Q\ gHe4lR Decreasing availability by binding water with water binding agents e.g. salt, sugar )R(uv0|ُNN4lՋBRN4lRP[v~TQ\ gHe4lRx,"u2 u22 u22fnff ggogcb bBbbTbbb BTFConcentration of NaCl and glucose at various aw values (at 25C) 25Ce N TSm^ߘvTa|nmvawX/b h b bcc k c 6G1 aw 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86hZ-8Zbfn-f1GrpH values limiting the growth of pathogens 30pHb6Rũvu*:/b c1  H:pH and other factors pHTvQ[V }&`a Microorganisms can grow in lab media at a wider range of pH than 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